UNCG Biology 112 Study Guide — Lecture Section

The terms below should be familiar to you from your reading and from the lectures. Be sure to know them thoroughly. Start just by memorizing them, but don’t stop there: once you have memorized them work to understand their meaning, implications, and interrelationships as well. The glossary at the end of our textbook will assist you, as will a good dictionary (pay special attention to common word roots). Finding a group of classmates to study with will also benefit you greatly.

Introduction

• levels of organization
• emergent properties from arrangement of parts
• cell theory (prokaryotes and eukaryotes)
• “modular construction”
• inheritance
• adaptation
• organisms are open systems
• physiological regulation
• evolution
• biological diversity
• biology is multidisciplinary

• Peabody Park (1901)
• George Foster Peabody

Plant Form and Function

• angiosperms
• gymnosperms
• adaptations to land life
• root system
• shoot system
• xylem
• phloem
• monocots
• dicots
• root hairs
• nodes
• internodes
• terminal bud
• axillary bud
• apical dominance
• leaves
• blade
• petiole
• parenchyma
• sclerenchyma
• tracheids
• vessel elements
• sieve-tube members
• companion cells
• sapsucker and maple syrup

• annuals
• biennials
• perennials
• primary growth
• secondary growth
• determinate growth
• indeterminate growth
• dermal, vascular, and ground tissues
• apical meristem
• lateral meristem
• vascular cambium
• cork cambium
• root cap
• zones of division, elongation, and differentiation
• vascular bundles
• stomata
• mesophyll
• leaf miners

• autotrophs
• heterotrophs
• chloroplast
• thylakoid
• 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
• light reactions
• Calvin cycle
• carbon fixation (incorporation of C from the air into organic molecules)
• chlorophyll
• magnesium
• absorption spectrum

• active transport
• passive transport
• transport proteins
• proton pump
• cotransport
• turgor pressure
• sugar source and sink
• transpirational pull
• guard cells
• photosynthesis/transpiration compromise

• essential nutrients
• macronutrients
• micronutrients
• magnesium
• hydroponic culture
• sustainable agriculture
• nitrogen fixation
• Rhizobium
• legumes
• carnivorous plants
• mycorrhizae

• alternation of generations
• sporophyte
• gametophyte
• sepals
• petals
• stamens
• carpels
• pollen grain
• ovary
• ovule
• embryo sac
• egg cell and polar nuclei
• pollination vs. fertilization
• double fertilization
• endosperm
• seed
• cotyledon
• vegetative reproduction
• monoculture

First exam covers material through this point.

Genetics

• transmission, developmental, and population genetics
• sexual and asexual reproduction
• clone
• mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
• chromosome
• karyotype
• homologous chromosomes
• autosomes and sex chromosomes
• sex determination
• meiosis (I and II)
• gamete
• haploid
• diploid
• fertilization

• review of DNA structure, transcription and translation

• blending inheritance
• particulate inheritance
• Gregor Mendel
• true-breeding
• P, F₁, and F₂ generations
• monohybrid cross
• dihybrid cross
• alleles
• dominant
• recessive
• locus
• homozygous
• heterozygous
• genotype
• phenotype
• testcross
• Punnett square
• rule of multiplication
• rule of addition
• incomplete dominance and codominance
• pleiotropy
• pedigree analysis
• cystic fibrosis
• sickle-cell disease
• Huntington’s disease
• Tay-Sachs disease

• chromosomal theory of inheritance
• Thomas Hunt Morgan
• cytology
• Drosophila melanogaster
• wild type
• mutant
• norm of reaction of a genotype
• genotype/phenotype relationship
• linked genes
• sex-linked (X-linked) genes vs. autosomal genes
• karyotype
• Down syndrome
• X-inactivation
• calico cat

Second exam covers material through this point.

Evolution

• Charles Darwin
• Alfred Russel Wallace
• natural theology
• adaptation and the argument from design
• geology
• fossils
• catastrophism and gradualism
• pre-Darwinian evolutionists
• H.M.S. Beagle
• On the Origin of Species (1859)
• “evolution”
• descent with modification
• natural selection
• artificial selection
• comparative anatomy and homology
• vestigial organs
• biogeography (endemic species and island distributions)
• “group within group”
• fossil record
• phylogeny

• population genetics
• modern synthesis
• population
• gene pool
• genetic structure of a population
• Hardy-Weinberg theorem and its five assumptions
• p² + 2pq + q² = 1
• microevolution
• five causes of microevolution
  • genetic drift (bottleneck effect, founder effect)
  • gene flow
  • mutation
  • non-random mating
  • natural selection
• polymorphism
• geographical variation
• stabilizing selection
• directional selection
• sexual selection
• heterozygote advantage
• sickle-cell anemia

• species
• biological species concept
• reproductive isolation
• prezygotic barriers
• postzygotic barriers
• allopatric speciation
• sympatric speciation
• polyploidy
• analogy between species and languages

• relative dating
• absolute dating
• sedimentary rock
• geological time scale
• radiometric dating
• Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
• continental drift
• Pangaea
• mass extincton
• impact hypothesis
• phylogeny
• systematics
• binomial nomenclature
• kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
• homology (= inherited similarity)
• convergent evolution
• analogy

Third exam covers material through this point.

Ecology

• abiotic factors (temperature, sunlight, wind, rocks and soil, disturbances)
• biotic factors
• community
• ecosystem
• population
• “is” vs. “ought”
• biomes
  • tropical forest
  • desert
  • temperate deciduous forest (ours)
  • taiga
  • tundra
  • (others)
• photic zone
• aphotic zone
• littoral zone
• eutrophication
• estuary
• benthos

• trophic structure
• producers
• consumers
• decomposers
• food chain
• food web
• pyramid of productivity
• pyramid of numbers
• biogeochemical cycles
• carbon cycle and atmospheric CO₂
• nitrogen cycle and N-fixing bacteria
• LTER (Hubbard Brook example)
• human population size
• biological magnification
• DDT
• greenhouse effect

• patterns of dispersion
• demography
• age structure
• exponential and logistic growth models
• birth and death rates
• density-dependent and density-independent factors
• opportunistic (r) and equilibrial (K) population characteristics
• human population growth

• coevolution
• predation
• parasitism
• competition
• commensalism
• mutualism
• cryptic coloration
• aposematic coloration
• mimicry
• competitive exclusion principle
• ecological niche
• resource partitioning
• exotic species
• ecological succession
• disturbance
• climax community
• intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Fourth (final) exam covers material through this point.